Samuel Aguilar
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June 21, 2026·Systems·1 min read

The 3-2-1 backup rule

The difference between a scare and a catastrophe is almost always a backup that actually existed.

Almost everyone "does backups". Few test them. And a backup you never restore isn't a backup: it's a hope.

The 3-2-1 rule

  • 3 copies of your data.
  • On 2 different media.
  • 1 of them offsite.

Why each number matters

  • 3 copies because the primary can fail at the same time as a replica.
  • 2 media because a failure of one disk type won't take out both.
  • 1 offsite because a fire, a theft, or ransomware encrypting the network must not reach your last copy.

What almost nobody does

Test the restore. Schedule a real test every so often: restore a file, a database, a machine. If you don't test it, you don't know whether you have backups or a placebo.

#backups#recovery#continuity